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For this reason, most teleost fishes are much less sensitive to TFM. Detoxification occurs via the process of glucuronidation, a phase two biotransformation process that is used by most non-target fishes to detoxify TFM. The specificity of TFM to larval sea lamprey is based on their limited ability to detoxify the chemical. TFM exerts its toxicity in sea lampreys by uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which lowers ATP production and eventually leads to death. However, there can occasionally be non-target effects in the field. The corresponding concentrations of TFM in the water seldom result in acute toxicity to non-target fishes, as the sea lamprey are much more sensitive to the chemical than non-target fishes and the pesticide rapidly degrades (2–5 days) in the environment. To ensure maximum effectiveness, TFM is applied at 1.2–1.5 times the 9 h LC 99.9, the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) needed to kill 99.9% of the larval sea lamprey. TFM applications are conducted in larval sea lamprey nursery streams and rivers, usually every 2–5 years, to reduce the numbers of parasitic juveniles that migrate to the Great Lakes, where they feed on economically important fishes.
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The piscicide (lampricide), 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), has been used for almost 60 years to control invasive sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by a Category A Internal grant (2015 competition) from Wilfrid Laurier University, awarded to OB and MPW, and by a Great Lakes Fishery Commission Grant Awarded to MPW. Received: JanuAccepted: JPublished: July 23, 2018Ĭopyright: © 2018 Birceanu, Wilkie. Since the ability of the fish to produce cortisol and the liver metabolic capacity were not compromised following TFM exposure, it is likely that their ability to cope with other stressors is not altered in the long-term.Ĭitation: Birceanu O, Wilkie MP (2018) Post-exposure effects of the piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) on the stress response and liver metabolic capacity in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss).
#TRANSFORMICE CODES 2018 PLUS#
We conclude that routine TFM treatments can lead to elevations of plasma cortisol following exposure, plus a relative dampening of the stress response in rainbow trout, with high cortisol levels lasting at least 12 h post-treatment.
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Subjecting trout to an acute handling stressor 12 h post-TFM exposure resulted in a relative attenuation of the plasma cortisol and glucose response compared to pre-stress levels. The fish that had been acutely exposed to TFM in vivo had increased plasma cortisol levels at 12 h post-treatment, but TFM exposure did not interfere with in vitro cortisol production in head kidney preparations. We examined the effects of 9 h exposure to TFM on the stress axis and liver metabolic capacity of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Applied to rivers and streams containing larval lampreys, TFM seldom harms non-target fishes, but the effects of sub-lethal treatments on fish physiology are not well understood. Inside this NuGet package is a runtime.The piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used to control invasive sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes for almost 60 years. The runtime identifiers defined by Microsoft are available in the NuGet package. NuGet also has short identifiers for some of these frameworks (e.g. So as Jeff R already mentioned the best way to find the target frameworks is currently to look at the NuGet source code. Whilst some of the target frameworks are documented on the NuGet website there are many which are not documented there. The target frameworks are currently hard coded within the NuGet source code.